Difference Between Total Knee Replacement and Partial Knee Replacement: A Complete Guide

Introduction

Knee replacement surgery has become one of the most common and successful orthopedic procedures worldwide. For patients suffering from severe knee pain due to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or traumatic injuries, two main options are available: Total Knee Replacement (TKA) and Partial Knee Replacement (UKA, also called Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty).

Although both involve the implantation of a knee prosthesis, their scope, surgical techniques, recovery times, and long-term outcomes differ significantly. Understanding these differences can help patients and surgeons make the most appropriate choice.

In Total Knee Replacement, the damaged cartilage and bone from all three compartments of the knee joint (medial, lateral, and patellofemoral) are removed. An artificial prosthesis made of metal and polyethylene components replaces the entire joint surface.

• Coverage: Whole knee joint
• Implant: Femoral component, tibial component, and patellar button (optional)
• Indications: Severe arthritis affecting multiple compartments, major deformities, or instability

In Partial Knee Replacement, only the damaged part of the knee (usually the medial compartment) is replaced with a smaller prosthesis, while the healthy bone, cartilage, and ligaments remain intact.

• Coverage: Only one compartment (medial, lateral, or patellofemoral)
• Implant: Smaller femoral and tibial components
• Indications: Early-stage osteoarthritis, pain localized to one side of the knee, preserved ligaments

Conclusion

Both Total Knee Replacement and Partial Knee Replacement are proven solutions for knee arthritis, but their suitability depends on the extent of joint damage and patient condition.

• TKA offers a complete solution for advanced cases, ensuring long-term durability.
• UKA provides a less invasive option for patients with localized arthritis, allowing faster recovery and more natural knee function.

When choosing between the two, patients should consult with their orthopedic surgeon, considering factors like age, activity level, and overall knee health.